Wolbachia is a genus of the class Alphaproteobacteria belonging to the order Rickettsiales. These gram-negative intracellular bacteria are found widespread in arthropods as well as in filarial nematodes (Werren, 1997; Bandi et al., 1998). On the basis of 16S rDNA gene and protein-coding gene (groEL) sequence analysis, it is organized into the family Anaplasmataceae, which also includes all the species of the genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Cowdria, and Neorickettsia (Dumler et al., 2001). In contrast to members of the family Rickettsiaceae, which grow in the cytoplasm or nucleus of their eukaryotic host cells, members of the Anaplasmataceae replicate while enclosed in a eukaryotic host cell membrane-derived vacuole.
In the absence of a formal nomenclatural system, the Wolbachia community currently refers to the different lineages as supergroups (Bandi et al., 2003). In addition, the species name, W. pipientis, remains single until new data are generated in different research areas (e.g. comparative genomics, molecular phylogenetics, and screening for Wolbachia in new hosts). The DNA-sequence-based methods, including phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA, dnaA, ftsZ, gltA, groEL and wsp genes have been employed for taxonomic classification (Bandi et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 1998; Bordenstein and Rosengaus, 2005). At present, 11 (named A-K) taxonomic supergroups are described for the genus Wolbachia by their places in molecular phylogenies. These 11 supergroups are labeled alphabetically, and include A and B found in various arthropods, C (Onchocerca sp., and Dirofilaria sp.) and D (W. bancrofti, Brugia sp., and Litomosoides sp.) restricted to filarial nematodes, E containing Wolbachia from springtails (Folsomia candida), F containing Wolbachia from termites (Kalotermes flavicollis and Microcerotermes spp.), weevils (Rhinocyllus conicus), and the filarial nematode Mansonella ozzardi, G and H found in Wolbachia from Australian spiders, and the Pacific dampwood termites (Zootermopsis angusticollis and Z. nevadensis), respectively (Werren et al., 1995; Bandi et al., 1998; Vandekerchove et al., 1999; Lo et al., 2002; 2007; Rowley et al., 2004; Bordenstein and Rosengaus, 2005). The more recently proposed supergroups I, J and K are comprised of cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), filarial nematode (Dipetalonema gracile), and spider mite (Bryobia spp.) (Ros et al., 2009).
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