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TREATMENT  FOR  PAIN
Unfortunately, physicians often do a poor job of assessing, relieving, and predicting pain. Certain attitudes are associated with improved control of pain ; for example, believing that patients have pain, insisting on complete relief  from pain, and remaining liberal with medications. There is no objective test for pain. The only reliable means to quantify pain is to ask the patients, and then to believe the patient.

It is crucial to assess pain before and after an intervention. Also, it is important to note the duration of the pain. The physician should adjust the dosage of medicine to control the intensity of pain. Further, the physician should adjust the interval between doses, so the relief is constant. Physicians should never treat pain on an “as-needed” basis, especially when it is anticipated, chronic, moderately severe. It is best to write for around-the-clock dosing to maintain continuous analgesia. It is easier to keep pain away than to subdue pain when it returns, and it takes less medicine.

Another important goal in the assessment of  pain  is to determine its cause and nature, because treatment will vary by etiology. In particular, neuropathic pain (often described as a burning or electrical sensation, pins-and-needles or tingling, and sometimes associated with subjective numbness) may respond better to tri-cyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants.

For patients with moderate to severe pain, opioids are the appropriate treatment. These include the step 2 opioid analgesics, codeine and hydrocodone. One limitation to their use is the ‘ceiling effect’ caused by acetaminophen or aspirin that is found in most common preparations of these drugs. Step 3 opioid analgesics include morphine, hydromorphine, methadone, ohycodone, and fentanyl, all of which have an important adventage : (1) it can be given orally, rectally, subcutaneously, or intravenously ; (2) it is easily titrated ; and (3) it is effective for dyspnea. A reasonable starting dose would be 2 to 6 mg intravenously or 4 to 18 mg orally every 3 to 4 hours.

Patients  who use opioids chronically will nedd to receive their baseline dose plus an additional 25% to 50% to treat acute pain. When first titrating a dose of opioid, it is best to use short-acting preparations. Once you reach a stable dosage, it is best to switch to a long-acting preparation.

Occasionally patients will need to switch from one type of opioid to another, due to side effecys such as (1) nausea, urinary retention, agitation, or rash, or stupor; (2) other disorders that impair the patient’s ability to swallow and increase the risk of aspiration; (3) severe pain that requires rapid titration to control it; and (4) high dosage of oral medications that require the swallowing of many tablets. Although a major advantage of intravenous infusions is that they provide the most consistent level of analgesia, they also require intravenous access and an experienced, trained individual to administer them. Usually it is possible to control pain to the same degree through the use of long-acting oral opioid preparations or transdermal fentanyl (once the patient is on a stable regimen). Avoid the intramuscular royte, as it is a painful and unreliable way to administer opioids.

จากคุณ : taweepa
เขียนเมื่อ : 29 เม.ย. 53 16:40:28




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