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Speaking only of European royalty IN THE PAST and not modern times krub,
A ruler of a COMPLETE Sovereign state needed NOT to bow to another ruler of higher status although he/she needed to yield PRECEDENCE according to the protocol.
An Emperor always took precedence over a King. That meant he got to walk in front of, and got to perform any functions before, a King should they attend any together.
UNLESS that King ALSO held a vassal within the boundary of the Emperor’s Empire, then the King would be required to pay allegiance to that Emperor. As for bowing to him, I cannot be certain, but my personal opinion is NO, at least not on a regular basis, maybe on the official imperial-related ceremonies.
For example, the Hanoverian British Kings, before the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, were also Electors of Hanover, they had to pay allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperors.
Likewise, the Kings of Denmark who also were Dukes of Holstein, another imperial vassal, had to pay allegiance to the HR Emperors.
However, for those sovereigns of those states without full sovereign status in the HRE, i.e., Dukes, Princes, Counts, etc., I’d rather believe they had to bow to the Emperor as they were totally subjects of the empire.
After the dissolution of the HRE, all German states achieved full sovereign status. After the fall of Napoleon, and with the Congress of Vienna, many were elevated to become Kingdoms or Grand Duchies. The Habsburgs became Emperors of Austria and no longer the overlord of the German states.
The unification of Germany and the formation of the German Empire established the King of Prussia as German Emperor, with the status of a President of the federated monarchs and Head of State. The fellow Kings (of Bavaria, Wurttemberg, & Saxony) and other sovereigns were probably required to bow to the German Emperor, simply because he was the Head of State.
Khun A ARM krub,
Have you read from somewhere that Queen Victoria had to curtsy to the Empress Eugenie? It seems very doubtful to me. The Prince Consort would have to bow to both Napoleon III and Eugenie as he did not have the “Queen” status.
And Queen Victoria, before proclaimed Empress of India in 1876, would certainly walk behind the Emperors of Russia.
Apart from the topic, the position “Tsar”, even though had the same root with “Caesar”, was actually equivalent to “King” only. All Tsars of Russia before Peter the Great proclaimed himself an Emperor, in 1721, were not emperors.
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Dr. Pong (Dr Pong) 
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4 มิ.ย. 54 00:22:01
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อยากทราบว่า ในราชวงศ์ทางยุโรป มีตำแหน่ง รองจาก Queen ไหม เช่น มเหสีรอง พระสนม
