1.In a hopeful manner. 2.Usage Problem. It is to be hoped: Marriage is a coming together for better or for worse, hopefully enduring (William O. Douglas).
Usage Note: Writers who use hopefully as a sentence adverb, as in "Hopefully the measures will be adopted," should be aware that the usage is unacceptable to many critics, including a large majority of the Usage Panel. But it is not easy to explain why critics dislike this use of hopefully. It is justified by analogy to the unexceptionable uses of many other adverbs, as in "Mercifully, the play was brief" or "Frankly, I have no use for your friend." And though this use of hopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader. The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness; there is no precise substitute. Someone who says "Hopefully, the treaty will be ratified" makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty, whereas someone who says "I hope (or We hope or It is hoped) the treaty will be ratified" expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such as but it isn't likely. It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections to hopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant. In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel; in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent. (By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use of mercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score.) :-) the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative: in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usages such as the employment of contact and host as verbs. It seems that this use of hopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel. No one can be blamed who uses hopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision. But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision. Some will simply flout the rule, seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction. Others may choose to avoid the usage, whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. Like other sentence adverbs such as bluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentence Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as in The company has launched the new venture hopefully) or by choosing a paraphrase (One may hope that the company has launched the new venture).
The following explanation is quoted from The Element of Style by Strunk and White:
Hopefully. This once- useful adverb meaning "with hope" has been distorted and is now widely used to mean "I hope" or''it is to be hoped.'' Such use is not merely wrong, it is silly. To say,'' Hopefully I'll leave on the noon plane'' is to talk nonsense. Do you mean you'll leave on the noon plane in a hopeful frame of mind? Or do you mean you hope you'll leave on the noon plane? Whichever you mean you have not said it clearly. Although the word in its new, free-floating capacity may be pleasurable and even useful to many, it offends the ear of many other, who do not like to see words dulled or eroded, particularly when the erosion leads to ambiguity; softness or nonsense.
Hopefully เป็น adverb ที่ต้องไปขยายชาวบ้านเค้า ในกรณีนี้มันสามารถขยายได้แค่ 1. teach กับ 2. ประโยคทั้งประโยค แต่ความมหมายของมันตามความคิดของนักไวยากรณ์ คือ in a manner full of hope หรือ in a hopeful manner ซึ่งในความหมายนี้มันไม่สามารถไปขยายแล้วได้ใจความที่ต้องการเลย
บางคนเถียงว่า hopefully อันที่จริงแล้วมันเป็น sentence modifier หมายความว่า It is to be hoped that หรือ Let's hope that... เหมือนกับคำว่า Possibly เช่น
Possibly his loss will teach him a lesson. = It is possible that his loss will teach him a lesson.
It is hopeful that his loss will teach him a lesson. ซึ่งประโยคนี้ไม่ make sense
Teaching of the lesson can be possible but it cannot be hopeful--it can only be hoped for. แฮะๆ
เพื่อตัดปัญหายุ่งยาก นักทำ dictionary รุ่นใหม่ทั้งหลายก็ปรับปรุงเพิ่มความหมายของ hopefully เข้าไปอีกความหมายนึงเป็น it is to be hoped, if all goes according to plan. ก็จบ ถือว่า standard แล้ว เหอะๆ
ข้างล่างนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งที่ผมคัดมาจาก Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
...There has been a considerable abatement in the fuss since and many commentators now accept the usage, but it seems safe to predict that there will be some who continue to revile it well into the new century. You can use it if you need it, or avoid it if you do not like it. There never was anything wrong with it.
พี่ครับพี่ ผมอ่านแล้วงงอะครับ พี่บอกว่า adverb ขยายประโยคได้ อันนี้ผมไม่เคยได้ยินใครพูดมาเลย ผมเคยเรียนแต่ว่ามันขยาย verb, adjective แล้วก็ adverb ผมเปิด Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary ดู ก็พบแต่ว่ามันขยายได้อย่างมากก็แค่ phrase (a word which describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb or phrase)
"Usage Note: Writers who use hopefully as a sentence adverb, as in "Hopefully the measures will be adopted," should be aware that the usage is unacceptable to many critics, including a large majority of the Usage Panel."
ในบรรดา part of speech ของภาษาอังกฤษ adverb มีหน้าที่เยอะที่สุด ถ้ายึดเฉพาะคำจำกัดความที่ว่าไว้ใน dictionary แล้วหล่ะก็ ผมรับรองได้ว่าคุณคงต้องสับสนยิ่งขึ้นอีกแน่ๆเมื่อได้รู้จักหน้าที่ของ adverb มากขึ้น ผมจะขอยกตัวอย่างให้ดูพอเป็นพิธีนะครับ
1. The nail went right through the wall. ในประโยคนี้ right เป็น adverb ขยาย preposition through อ้าวทำได้ด้วยหรอเนี่ย...
2. They seem to have hardly any books at home. ในประโยคนี้ hardly เป็น adverb ขยาย determiner คือ any
3. Nearly everybody seemed to be at the party. ในประโยคนี้ nearly เป็น adverb ขยาย pronoun ซึ่งก็คือ everybody อืม อันนี้แปลกกว่าอีกจริงมั้ยครับ
4. We always try to plan several years ahead. อันนี้ก็ยิ่งน่าสนใจ จำกันมาว่า adjective เท่านั้นที่ ขยายคำนาม แต่ประโยคนี้ ahead เป็น adverb ขยายคำนามที่อยู่ข้างหน้ามัน
Certainly, you can use adverb to modify the whole sentence.
Honestly, I think adverb is the most interesting part of speech in English.
ทีนี้ลองดูตัวอย่างประโยคข้างล่างนี้นะครับ
The boys didn't like the food; however, they have not complained. ทำไมต้องใช้ semicolon หน้า however ด้วยน้า ก็เพราะว่ามันเป็น adverb หน่ะซิครับ มันไม่สามารถแยกประโยคออกเป็น 2 ประโยคเหมือน conjunction ดังนั้นจึงจำเป็นต้องใช้ semicolon แยกประโยคแทน ประโยคข้างบนสามารถจึงเขียนแยกได้เป็น
The boys didn't like the food. However, they have not complained.
I believe the sentence adverbs and the adverbial particles are not the same. You might be confused the term adverbial particles with sentence adverbials.
By the way, I've recently discussed about adverbial particle in the opinion below:
เกี่ยวกับ Hopefully ขึ้นหน้าประโยค
