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There have been several recent reports which have identified a range of "non-technical barriers" to renewable energy use.include
These barriers are impediments which put renewable energy at a marketing, institutional,
or policy disadvantage relative to other forms of energy. Key barriers
1.Lack of government policy support, which includes the lack of policies and regulations
supporting deployment of renewable energy technologies and the presence of policies
and regulations hindering renewable energy development and supporting conventional
energy development. Examples include subsidies for fossil-fuels, insufficient consumer
-based renewable energy incentives, government underwriting for nuclear plant
accidents, and complex zoning and permitting processes for renewable energy.
2.Lack of information dissemination and consumer awareness.
3.Higher capital cost of renewable energy technologies compared with conventional energy technologies.
Difficulty overcoming established energy systems, which includes difficulty introducing innovative energy systems,
particularly for distributed generation such as photovoltaics, because of technological lock-in,
electricity markets designed for centralized power plants, and market control by established operators.
As the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change points out:
National grids are usually tailored towards the operation of centralised power plants and thus favour their performance.
Technologies that do not easily fit into these networks may struggle to enter the market, even if the technology itself
is commercially viable. This applies to distributed generation as most grids are not suited to receive electricity
from many small sources. Large-scale renewables may also encounter problems
if they are sited in areas far from existing grids.[55]
4.Inadequate financing options for renewable energy projects, including insufficient access
to affordable financing for project developers, entrepreneurs and consumers.
5.Imperfect capital markets, which includes failure to internalize all costs of conventional energy
(e.g., effects of air pollution, risk of supply disruption) and failure
to internalize all benefits of renewable energy (e.g., cleaner air, energy security).
6.Inadequate workforce skills and training, which includes lack of adequate scientific, technical,
and manufacturing skills required for renewable energy production;
lack of reliable installation, maintenance, and inspection services;
and failure of the educational system to provide adequate training in new technologies.
7.Lack of adequate codes, standards, utility interconnection, and net-metering guidelines.
8.Poor public perception of renewable energy system aesthetics.
9.Lack of stakeholder/community participation and co-operation
in energy choices and renewable energy projects.
10.A criticism of some renewable sources is their intermittent nature.
But a variety of renewable sources in combination can overcome this problem. As Amory Lovins explains:
Stormy weather, bad for direct solar collection, is generally good for windmills
and small hydropower plants; dry, sunny weather, bad for hydropower, is ideal for photovoltaics.
11.The challenge of variable power supply may be further alleviated by energy storage.
Available storage options include pumped-storage hydro systems, batteries, hydrogen fuel cells,
and thermal mass. Initial investments in such energy storage systems can be high,
although the costs can be recovered over the life of the system.
Wave energy is continuously available, although wave intensity varies by season.
A wave energy scheme installed in Australia generates electricity with an 80% availability factor.
12. Aesthetics
Both solar and wind generating stations have been criticized from an aesthetic point of view.[58]
However, methods and opportunities exist to deploy these renewable technologies efficiently
and unobtrusively: fixed solar collectors can double as noise barriers along highways,
and extensive roadway, parking lot, and roof-top area is currently available;
amorphous photovoltaic cells can also be used to tint windows and produce energy.
[59] Advocates of renewable energy also argue that current infrastructure is less
aethetically pleasing than alternatives, but sited further from the view of most critics.[60]
13. Environmental and social considerations
While most renewable energy sources do not produce pollution directly,
the materials, industrial processes, and construction equipment used to create them
may generate waste and pollution. Some renewable energy systems actually
create environmental problems. For instance, older wind turbines can be hazardous to flying birds.[61]
14. Land area required
Another environmental issue, particularly with biomass and biofuels,
is the large amount of land required to harvest energy, which otherwise could be
used for other purposes or left as undeveloped land. However, it should be pointed out that
these fuels may reduce the need for harvesting non-renewable energy sources, such as
vast strip-mined areas and slag mountains for coal, safety zones around nuclear plants,
and hundreds of square miles being strip-mined for oil sands. These responses,
however, do not account for the extremely high biodiversity and endemism
of land used for ethanol crops, particularly sugar cane.
In the U.S., crops grown for biofuels are the most land- and water-intensive of
the renewable energy sources. In 2005, about 12% of the nations corn crop
(covering 11 million acres (45,000 km²) of farmland) was used to produce four billion gallons
of ethanolwhich equates to about 2% of annual U.S. gasoline consumption.
For biofuels to make a much larger contribution to the energy economy,
the industry will have to accelerate the development of new feedstocks,
agricultural practices, and technologies that are more land and water efficient.
Already, the efficiency of biofuels production has increased significantly[43]
and there are new methods to boost biofuel production.[62]
15.There are several major disadvantages of hydroelectric systems.
These include: dislocation of people living where the reservoirs are planned,
release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide at construction and flooding of the reservoir,
disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife, adverse impacts on the river environment,
potential risks of sabotage and terrorism, and in rare cases
catastrophic failure of the dam wall. (See Hydroelectricity article for details.)
Hydroelectric power is now more difficult to site in developed nations
because most major sites within these nations are either already
being exploited or may be unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations.
16. Studies of birds and offshore wind farms in Europe have found that there are
very few bird collisions.[64] Several offshore wind sites in Europe have been
in areas heavily used by seabirds. Improvements in wind turbine design,
including a much slower rate of rotation of the blades and a smooth tower base instead of
perchable lattice towers, have helped reduce bird mortality at wind farms around the world.
However older smaller wind turbines may be hazardous to flying birds.[65]
Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from
exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.[66]
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