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ความคิดเห็นที่ 42 |
ตรงนี้สำหรับเพื่อนๆที่ไม่ชอบอะไรเยิ่นเย้อ เอาแบบเนื้อๆ(ไม่ติดมัน)กันไปเลยครับ ม้วนเดียวจบ ประหยัดเวลาดีครับ ชอบแบบนี้ก็จัดให้ ไม่ว่ากันครับ ชิวๆครับ :) แต่ถ้าใครอุตส่าห์หลงอ่านมาที่ล่ะหน่อยๆจนมาถึงตรงนี้ แนะนำว่าข้ามไปเลยครับ ซ้ำกับที่(อุตส่าห์)อ่านมาแล้วนั่นแหละครับ
Pressure (symbol: P) .... is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object.
P = F/A
หรือ P = fluid density x earth gravity x depth from fluid surface.
ผมทราบแค่นี้แหละครับ ถ้าจะเอากันละเอียดกว่านี้ ไปที่นี่เลยครับ => http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure
Primary recovery
The first stage of hydrocarbon production, in which natural reservoir energy, such as gasdrive, waterdrive or gravity drainage, displaces hydrocarbons from the reservoir, into the wellbore and up to surface.
Initially, the reservoir pressure is considerably higher than the bottomhole pressure inside the wellbore. This high natural differential pressure drives hydrocarbons toward the well and up to surface. However, as the reservoir pressure declines because of production, so does the differential pressure. To reduce the bottomhole pressure or increase the differential pressure to increase hydrocarbon production, it is necessary to implement an artificial lift system, such as a rod pump, an electrical submersible pump or a gas-lift installation. Production using artificial lift is considered primary recovery.
The primary recovery stage reaches its limit either when the reservoir pressure is so low that the production rates are not economical, or when the proportions of gas or water in the production stream are too high. During primary recovery, only a small percentage of the initial hydrocarbons in place are produced, typically around 10% for oil reservoirs.
Primary recovery is also called primary production.
Secondary recovery
The second stage of hydrocarbon production during which an external fluid such as water or gas is injected into the reservoir through injection wells located in rock that has fluid communication with production wells. The purpose of secondary recovery is to maintain reservoir pressure and to displace hydrocarbons toward the wellbore.
The most common secondary recovery techniques are gas injection and waterflooding. Normally, gas is injected into the gas cap and water is injected into the production zone to sweep oil from the reservoir. A pressure-maintenance program can begin during the primary recovery stage, but it is a form or enhanced recovery.
The secondary recovery stage reaches its limit when the injected fluid (water or gas) is produced in considerable amounts from the production wells and the production is no longer economical. The successive use of primary recovery and secondary recovery in an oil reservoir produces about 15% to 40% of the original oil in place.
Tertiary recovery
The third stage of hydrocarbon production during which sophisticated techniques that alter the original properties of the oil are used. Enhanced oil recovery can begin after a secondary recovery process or at any time during the productive life of an oil reservoir. Its purpose is not only to restore formation pressure, but also to improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir.
The three major types of enhanced oil recovery operations are chemical flooding (alkaline flooding or micellar-polymer flooding), miscible displacement (carbon dioxide [CO2] injection or hydrocarbon injection), and thermal recovery (steamflood or in-situ combustion). The optimal application of each type depends on reservoir temperature, pressure, depth, net pay, permeability, residual oil and water saturations, porosity and fluid properties such as oil API gravity and viscosity.
Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery and it is abbreviated EOR.
ถ้าอยากอ่านละเอียดในส่วนต่างๆที่ยังอาจจะอยากได้ข้อมูลเพิ่ม หรือ ศัพท์เฉพาะบางตัวไม่ชัดเจนว่ามันหมายถึงอะไร นี่เลยครับ ไปที่เว็บนี้
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/
แล้วพิมพ์คำว่า primary recovery หรือ secondary recovery หรือ Enhanced oil recovery ในช่องค้นหา (search)
รับรองว่าได้ความรู้เต็มๆแบบจุใจ hard core
(อิอิ ไม่น่าเชื่อใช่ไหมว่า เนื้อหามีแค่นี้ มันฝอยมาได้ซะไร้สาระยาวยืด ... เอาน่า ... ทนๆมันหน่อย)
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Nong Fern Daddy   
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8 พ.ย. 52 21:13:13
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