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ความคิดเห็นที่ 32 |
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ระดับไอคิวของคนเอเซียผิวเหลือง คนผิวขาว คนผีสี
หลายท่านอาจจะคิดว่า มนุษย์ทุกเผ่าพันธุ์ฉลาดเท่ากัน หากได้รับโอกาสทางการศึกษา ซึ่งก็จริงส่วนหนึ่ง
ก็เลยไปหาหลักฐาน พบว่า IQ ของคนแต่ละเผ่าพันธ์ุนั้น แตกต่างกันจริงๆ
คนเอเชียผิวเหลือง จะมี IQ เฉลี่ยสูงที่สุดคือ 106
ส่วนคนผิวขาว เฉลี่ย อยู่ที่ 100
คนผิวสี จะอยู่ที่ 85
เรื่อง IQ เกี่ยวข้องกับ ปริมาณเนื้อสมอง และจำนวน เซลล์สมอง ที่ แต่ละพันธุ์ จะไม่เท่ากัน ตามหลักการคัดเลือกพันธุ์ตามธรรมชาติ
อนึ่ง ชาว ยิว มีไอคิว เฉลี่ย สูงถึง 117 นั้นเป็นเพราะ การคัดเลือดพันธุ์ตามธรรมชาติเช่นกัน ที่คนมีไอคิวสูง หรือ มีเนื้อสมองมาก มีโอกาส ในศาสนา ยูดาย ของชาวยิวมากนั้นเอง
เรื่อง IQ ของมนุษย์แต่ละสายพันธุ์ สามารถหาอ้างอิงได้ง่ายๆ และค่อนข้่างจะตรงกัน จึงไม่แปลกที่ คนญี่ปุ่น จะเก่งเทคโนโลยี จน ฝรั่งต้องทึ้ง
ส่วนอเมริกา คนที่ควบคุมจนกลายเป็นมหาอำนาจจริงๆ คือชาวยิว
http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/blackwhiteeast.php
Black-White-East Asian IQ Differences At Least 50% Genetic
EurekAlert, Apr. 25
Contact: Prof. J. P. Rushton
rushton@uwo.ca
519-661-3685
Charles Darwin Research Institute
Read the full article here.
A 60-page review of the scientific evidence, some based on state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain size, has concluded that race differences in average IQ are largely genetic. The lead article in the June 2005 issue of Psychology, Public Policy and Law, a journal of the American Psychological Association, examined 10 categories of research evidence from around the world to contrast a hereditarian model (50% genetic-50% cultural) and a culture-only model (0% genetic-100% cultural).
The paper, Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability, by J. Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario and Arthur R. Jensen of the University of California at Berkeley, appeared with a positive commentary by Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware, three critical ones (by Robert Sternberg of Yale University, Richard Nisbett of the University of Michigan, and Lisa Suzuki & Joshua Aronson of New York University), and the authors reply.
Neither the existence nor the size of race differences in IQ are a matter of dispute, only their cause, write the authors. The Black-White difference has been found consistently from the time of the massive World War I Army testing of 90 years ago to a massive study of over 6 million corporate, military, and higher-education test-takers in 2001.
Race differences show up by 3 years of age, even after matching on maternal education and other variables, said Rushton. Therefore they cannot be due to poor education since this has not yet begun to exert an effect. Thats why Jensen and I looked at the genetic hypothesis in detail. We examined 10 categories of evidence.
1. The Worldwide Pattern of IQ Scores. East Asians average higher on IQ tests than Whites, both in the U. S. and in Asia, even though IQ tests were developed for use in the Euro-American culture. Around the world, the average IQ for East Asians centers around 106; for Whites, about 100; and for Blacks about 85 in the U.S. and 70 in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Race Differences are Most Pronounced on Tests that Best Measure the General Intelligence Factor (g). Black-White differences, for example, are larger on the Backward Digit Span test than on the less g loaded Forward Digit Span test.
3. The Gene-Environment Architecture of IQ is the Same in all Races, and Race Differences are Most Pronounced on More Heritable Abilities. Studies of Black, White, and East Asian twins, for example, show the heritability of IQ is 50% or higher in all races.
4. Brain Size Differences. Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) find a correlation of brain size with IQ of about 0.40. Larger brains contain more neurons and synapses and process information faster. Race differences in brain size are present at birth. By adulthood, East Asians average 1 cubic inch more cranial capacity than Whites who average 5 cubic inches more than Blacks.
5. Trans-Racial Adoption Studies. Race differences in IQ remain following adoption by White middle class parents. East Asians grow to average higher IQs than Whites while Blacks score lower. The Minnesota Trans-Racial Adoption Study followed children to age 17 and found race differences were even greater than at age 7: White children, 106; Mixed-Race children, 99; and Black children, 89.
6. Racial Admixture Studies. Black children with lighter skin, for example, average higher IQ scores. In South Africa, the IQ of the mixed-race Colored population averages 85, intermediate to the African 70 and White 100.
7. IQ Scores of Blacks and Whites Regress toward the Averages of Their Race. Parents pass on only some exceptional genes to offspring so parents with very high IQs tend to have more average children. Black and White children with parents of IQ 115 move to different averagesBlacks toward 85 and Whites to 100.
8. Race Differences in Other Life-History Traits. East Asians and Blacks consistently fall at two ends of a continuum with Whites intermediate on 60 measures of maturation, personality, reproduction, and social organization. For example, Black children sit, crawl, walk, and put on their clothes earlier than Whites or East Asians.
9. Race Differences and the Out-of-Africa theory of Human Origins. East Asian-White-Black differences fit the theory that modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and expanded northward. During prolonged winters there was evolutionary selection for higher IQ created by problems of raising children, gathering and storing food, gaining shelter, and making clothes.
10. Do Culture-Only Theories Explain the Data? Culture-only theories do not explain the highly consistent pattern of race differences in IQ, especially the East Asian data. No interventions such as ending segregation, introducing school busing, or Head Start programs have reduced the gaps as culture-only theory would predict.
In their article, Rushton and Jensen also address some of the policy issues that stem from their conclusions. Their main recommendation is that people be treated as individuals, not as members of groups. They emphasized that their paper pertains only to average differences. They also called for the need to accurately inform the public about the true nature of individual and group differences, genetics and evolutionary biology.
Rushton and Jensen are well-known for research on racial differences in intelligence. Jensen hypothesized a genetic basis for Black-White IQ differences in his 1969 Harvard Educational Review article. His later books Bias in Mental Tests (1980) and The g Factor (1998), as well as Rushtons (1995) Race, Evolution, and Behavior, show that tests are not biased against English speaking minorities and that Black-White-East Asian differences in brain size and IQ belong in an evolutionary framework.
Original article
(Posted on April 27, 2005)
http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/blackwhiteeast.php
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chuk007  
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17 มิ.ย. 53 17:23:34
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