Over 80% of the heating the Orbiter experiences during reentry is
caused by **compression of the air** ahead of the hypersonic vehicle,
in accordance with the basic thermodynamic relation between pressure
and temperature. A hot shock wave is created in front of the vehicle,
which deflects most of the heat and prevents the orbiter's surface from
directly contacting the peak heat. Therefore reentry heating is largely
convective heat transfer between the shock wave and the orbiter's skin
through superheated plasma. The key to a reusable shield against
this type of heating is very low-density material, similar to how a
thermos bottle inhibits convective heat transfer.
Credit Thanks Wiki
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